Turbochargers come in six main designs, each offering unique advantages and drawbacks.
Single turbo - This configuration is commonly found in inline engines due to the positioning of exhaust ports on a single side. It can match or exceed the boost capabilities of a twin-turbo setup, albeit at the expense of a high boost threshold, resulting in a narrower power band.
Twin turbo - Typically employed in V engines with dual sets of exhaust ports, twin turbos are generally positioned on each side of the engine bay. However, in engines with a hot V layout, they are situated within the engine valley. Leveraging two turbos allows the use of smaller turbines, thereby widening the power band and enhancing low-end torque due to the lower boost threshold.
Twin-scroll turbo - This design employs two separate exhaust paths to the turbo, effectively mitigating the performance decline caused by negative pressure resulting from valve overlap. Pairing non-consecutive firing cylinders eliminates interference in exhaust gas velocity, leading to notable performance improvements over a single-scroll turbo. Retrofitting engines not initially designed for twin-scroll turbos necessitates a compatible new exhaust manifold.
Variable twin-scroll turbo - Building upon the performance gains of the twin-scroll turbo, a variable twin-scroll turbo integrates a second turbine. These turbines can operate independently to optimize exhaust velocity or jointly to generate maximum power, engaging at higher engine RPM when the throttle position reaches a specific point. Variable twin-scroll turbochargers combine the advantages of small and large turbos while mitigating their inherent shortcomings.
Variable geometry turbo - Equipped with adjustable vanes surrounding the turbine, offers a wide power band. The vanes remain predominantly closed during low engine RPM, ensuring quick spooling, and open up during high engine RPM to minimize restrictions that might impede performance at the engine’s redline. In spite of this, variable geometry turbos introduce added complexity, leading to increased potential points of failure.
Electric turbo - Electric-assisted turbos aid in turbine spin when the engine operates at low RPM and fails to produce sufficient exhaust gas for effective turbo rotation. Incorporating an electric motor and an additional battery, e-turbos introduce complexity and weight.
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Post time: Oct-24-2023